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Showing posts with label trade secrets. Show all posts
Showing posts with label trade secrets. Show all posts

Saturday, 5 February 2022

IPTango

BIICL course: Pharmaceuticals and Intellectual Property


The British Institute of International and Comparative Law (BIICL) will hold the online course Pharmaceuticals and Intellectual Property from 4 March to 13 May 2022.

The course consists of 10 sessions via Zoom. It is addressed to legal practitioners, students, and law academics interested in the link between public health and intellectual property.

The topics include inter alia pharmaceutical industry and national systems of innovation; intellectual property and product regulation; international intellectual property and trade law; access to medicines: from HIV/AIDS to COVID-19; and alternative pharmaceutical innovation models.

The trainers are Professors Graham Dutfield (University of Leeds) and Uma Suthersanen (Queen Mary University of London).

The course cost is £700. Discounts and scholarships are available. Applications for scholarships must be submitted before 11 February 2022.

More information here.

Credit: The image is courtesy of BIICL.

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Wednesday, 9 September 2020

Verónica Rodríguez Arguijo

Upcoming events on this week!



WHAT’S GOING ON THIS WEEK? 

On 9 September 2020, the webinar The future of intellectual property in the age of hybrid technologies (in Spanish) will be streamed on Facebook. The event is part of the Permanent Seminar on Intellectual Property 2020-2 (SEPEPI) which is organized by the Legal Research Institute (IIJ) of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). The speaker is Professor Manuel Desantes (University of Alicante). 

On the same day, the webinar The importance of intangible assets (in Spanish) will take place. The event is organized by the Mexican Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property (AMPPI). The speakers are Melissa Barriga Castañeda, María Esther García Álvarez, and Alan Guevara Morales. Carolina Ponce will moderate the session. 

The webinar Industrial Designs for Brazilian Users and Stakeholders (in English and Portuguese) will be streamed on YouTube also on 9 September 2020. The event is organized by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the Brazilian National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI Brazil) and the Brazilian Association of Industrial Property Agents (ABAPI). The panellists are Jessamyn Honculada (WIPO), Max Germeil (WIPO) and Eduardo Rodrigues Rio (INPI Brazil). Ricardo Pinho will moderate the session. 

Meanwhile, the Ibero-American Federation of Law and Information Technology Associations (FIADI) is organizing the webinar Artificial Intelligence, Ethics and Law (in Spanish) also on 9 September 2020. The speakers are Luis Raúl Rodríguez Oconitrillo, Humberto Martín Ruani, Edda Karen Céspedes Babilón and José Vega Gallardo. Register here

The EPIP2020 Online Conference will take place from 9 to 11 September 2020. The event is organized by the European Policy for Intellectual Property (EPIP). The program will cover artificial intelligence, data privacy, platform regulations, the EU Digital Single Market, trade secrets, overlapping trademarks and other IPRs, as well as COVID-19 and IP. Some speakers are Marco Alemán (WIPO), Carsten Fink (WIPO), Marcus Höpperger (WIPO), Yann Ménière (EPO), Nathan Wajsman (EUIPO), Andrew Toole (USPTO), Christophe Geiger (University of Strasbourg), Daniel Gervais (Vanderbilt University), Eleonora Rosati (University of Stockholm), Nicola Searle (University of London), Irene Calboli (Texas A&M University), Estelle Derclaye (University of Nottingham), Natali Helberger (University of Amsterdam), and Lisa Ouellette (Stanford Law School). 

On 10 September 2020, the Mexican Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property (AMPPI) will hold the webinar Women and video games: How to balance the game? (in Spanish). The speakers are Blanca Estela López Pérez (UAM-A), Diana Rodríguez Aparicio (Women in Gamex) and Dany Kino (TV UNAM). Salvador Camacho will moderate the session. 

The Inter-American Association of Intellectual Property (ASIPI) is organizing the webinar Restriction measures to the use of trademarks (in English and Spanish) also on 10 September 2020. The speakers are Ron Cregan (UK), Antonella Salgueiro (Paraguay) and Luis Diez Canseco (Peru). María Rosa Fabara will moderate the session. 

On 11 September 2020, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is offering the webinar E-commerce and Intellectual Property for Indigenous Peoples and Local Community Entrepreneurs. The speakers are Juan Hoyos (ITC), Lucille Anak Awen Jon (Malaysia), Solveig Ballo (Norway), and Gabriele Gagliani (Bocconi University). Rebecka Forsgren (WIPO Indigenous Fellow) will moderate the session. 

Last but not least, IP Time will hold the webinar Web-users as creators. Legal aspects from a copyright perspective (in Spanish) also on 11 September 2020. The speaker is Pablo Solines Moreno (Ecuador). 


PAST EVENTS 

Did you miss some events held the last week? The following are still available on-demand: 
  • 31 August - 3 September. Online Seminar on the Analysis of the Amendments to Intellectual Property in Mexico (in Spanish), organized by the Seminar of Patents, Trademarks and Copyright of the Faculty of Law of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). Some speakers: Geidy Lung (WIPO), Carmen Arteaga (UNAM), Hugo Contreras Lamadrid (INDAUTOR), Kiyoshi Tsuru, José Luis Caballero, Martín Michaus, Mauricio Jalife, Fernando Becerril, Bernardo Herrerías, and Gastón Esquivel. Watch the panel I here; panel II and III here and here; panel IV and V here; panel VI and VII here
  • 1 September. Webinar: Medical Technology and Application of Artificial Intelligence: Overview and Regulatory Framework (in Portuguese), organized by the Paulista Association of Intellectual Property (ASPI). Speakers: Patrícia Peck Pinheiro, Elza Durham and Gilberto Takata. Moderators: Gil Meizler and Eliane Beltrame. 
  • 2 September. Webinar: Financing Tools for Health Innovation (in English and Spanish), organized by the European Connected Health Alliance (ECHAlliance). Speakers: María Apólito (Argentina), Juan Manuel Giner González (Argentina) and Carmelo M. Gordian (United States of America). 
  • 2 September. Webinar: The Innovation System of Paraná (in Portuguese), organized by the Brazilian Intellectual Property Association (ABPI). Opening speakers: Maria Inez Araujo de Abreu (CESA) and Juliana L.B. Viegas (USP). Panellists: Aldo Nelson Bona (SETI) and José Maurino de Oliveira Martins (SEPARTEC). Moderator: Claudia Crisostimo. 
  • 2 September. The opening lecture of the Course: Strategic management of trademarks portfolio (in Portuguese), organized by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the Brazilian Intellectual Property Association (ABPI). The theme of the opening lecture was the International Trademark System. Speakers: José Graça Aranha (WIPO), Kone Cesário (UFRJ) and Luciany Pelisson Creado Becker (OAB PR). 
  • 3 September. Webinar: Online dispute resolution for IP issues (in Spanish), organized by the Inter-American Association of Intellectual Property (ASIPI). Speakers: Leandro Toscano (WIPO), Paul Corral (Catholic University of Ecuador) and Javier Fernández-Lasquetty. Moderator: Mary Fernández Rodríguez. 
  • 3 September. Webinar: Anti-discrimination compliance in the fashion industry - measures and clauses for adequacy (in Portuguese), organized by the Brazilian Intellectual Property Association (ABPI) and OAB Rio de Janeiro (the Order of Attorneys of Brazil). Speakers: Humberto Adami (OAB), Fabricio Oliveira (UFF) and Ana Paula de Paula (CDMD). Moderators: Deborah Portillo (CDMD) and Renata Lisboa (CDMD). 
  • 4 September. Webinar: General principles applicable to Copyright contracts* (in Spanish), organized by IP Time. Speaker: Professor Delia Lipszyc. 
* The webinar details were added to the page “Events” on the IPTango website after the weekly article was published. 


If you have a craving for more, review the full list of events here

Credit: the picture is courtesy of Riana Harvey. IPTango would like to express our gratitude to Riana for designing the image! 

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Monday, 31 August 2020

Verónica Rodríguez Arguijo

Upcoming events on this week!



WHAT’S GOING ON THIS WEEK? 

The Online Seminar on the Analysis of the Amendments to Intellectual Property in Mexico (in Spanish) will be streamed on Facebook from 31 August to 3 September 2020. The event is organized by the Seminar of Patents, Trademarks and Copyright of the Faculty of Law of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). The speakers are Geidy Lung (WIPO), Carmen Arteaga (UNAM), Reynaldo Urtiaga Escobar (UNAM), Hugo Contreras Lamadrid (INDAUTOR), Kiyoshi Tsuru, José Luis Caballero, Fernando Becerril, Bernardo Herrerías, Martín Michaus, Mauricio Jalife, José Juan Méndez, and Gastón Esquivel Santos. The moderators are Carmen Arteaga, Ana Betancourt, and Jorge Mier y Concha Segura. Review here the program. 

On 1 September 2020, the webinar Medical Technology and Application of Artificial Intelligence: Overview and Regulatory Framework (in Portuguese) will be streamed on YouTube. The event is organized by the Paulista Association of Intellectual Property (ASPI). The speakers are Patrícia Peck Pinheiro, Elza Durham and Gilberto Takata. The moderators are Gil Meizler and Eliane Beltrame. 

On the same day, the Venezuelan Institute of Industrial Property Agents (COVAPI) will hold the webinar The Right to Petition in light of Industrial Property and its protection under the Contentious Administrative procedure (in Spanish). The speakers are Luis G. Arévalo, José G. Torrealba and Joaquín Núñez. Ana E. Hernández will moderate the session. Register here

The Workshop on Intellectual Property for Media Professionals will take place from 1 to 3 September 2020. The workshop is organized by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the Brazilian National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI Brazil), the Science and Technology Park of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (TECNOPUC), and the Brazilian National Confederation of Industry (CNI). Some speakers are Marcelo Chimento (INPI Brazil), Aline Iramina (SDAPI) and Gustavo Martins de Almeida. Review here the program. 

On 2 September 2020, the Brazilian Intellectual Property Association (ABPI) is organizing the webinar The Innovation System of Paraná (in Portuguese). The opening speakers are Maria Inez Araujo de Abreu (CESA) and Juliana L.B. Viegas (USP). The panellists are Aldo Nelson Bona (SETI) and José Maurino de Oliveira Martins (SEPARTEC). Claudia Crisostimo will moderate the session. 

The webinar Financing Tools for Health Innovation (in Spanish) will also be held on 2 September 2020. The event is organized by the European Connected Health Alliance (ECHAlliance). The speakers are María Apólito (Argentina), Juan Manuel Giner González (Argentina) and Carmelo M. Gordian (United States of America). Register here

Meanwhile, the Opening lecture of the Course Strategic management of trademarks portfolio will also take place on 2 September 2020. The course is organized by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the Brazilian Intellectual Property Association (ABPI). The theme of the opening lecture is the International Trademark System. The speakers are José Graça Aranha (WIPO), Kone Cesário (UFRJ) and Luciany Pelisson Creado Becker (OAB PR). Register here free of charge for attending the opening lecture. 

On the same day, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is offering the webinar Introduction to the Madrid Application Assistant. The webinar will provide an overview of the new WIPO tool which “is an electronic version of the official MM2” and imports the required information “directly from the Office of origin’s national/regional trademarks database”. 

On 3 September 2020, the following events are scheduled: 
  • Webinar: How to use WIPO PROOF, organized by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The webinar will include a Q&A session. 
  • Webinar: Online dispute resolution for IP issues (in Spanish), organized by the Inter-American Association of Intellectual Property (ASIPI). Speakers: Leandro Toscano (WIPO), Paul Corral (Catholic University of Ecuador) and Javier Fernández-Lasquetty. Moderator: Mary Fernández Rodríguez. 
  • Seminar: Theory of Intellectual Property (in Spanish), organized by the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO). The seminar starts on 3 September 2020 and will last four months. More information here
  • Webinar: Anti-discrimination compliance in the fashion industry - measures and clauses for adequacy (in Portuguese), organized by the Brazilian Intellectual Property Association (ABPI) and OAB Rio de Janeiro (the Order of Attorneys of Brazil). Speakers: Humberto Adami (OAB), Fabricio Oliveira (UFF) and Ana Paula de Paula (CDMD). Moderators: Deborah Portillo (CDMD) and Renata Lisboa (CDMD). 
Last but not least, the International Seminar: Copyright from a 20/20 perspective will take place on and 4 September 2020. The seminar is organized by the Colombian Center for Copyright (CECOLDA), the National Directorate of Copyright of Colombia (DNDA), the Colombian Center of Reprographic Rights (CDR) and the University of La Sabana. Some speakers are Carolina Romero (DNDA), Rafael Fariñas (CISAC), Natalia Gómez (CDR), Geidy Lung (WIPO), Facundo Recondo (AT&T), Gerardo Muñóz de Cote (Netflix), Horacio Gutiérrez (Spotify), María Strong (US Copyright Office), and Gustavo Schötz (Austral University). The program is available here


PAST EVENTS 

Did you miss some events held the last week? The following are still available on-demand: 
* The webinar details were added to the page “Events” on the IPTango website after the weekly article was published. 


If you have a craving for more, review the full list of events here


Credit: the picture is courtesy of Riana Harvey. IPTango would like to express our gratitude to Riana for designing the picture! 
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Tuesday, 25 August 2020

Verónica Rodríguez Arguijo

Upcoming events on this week!



WHAT’S GOING ON THIS WEEK? 

On 25 August 2020, the webinar Artificial Intelligence: Big Controversies (in Portuguese) will take place. The event is organized by the Brazilian Intellectual Property Association (ABPI). The speakers are Caroline Tauk and Eduardo Magrani. Register here

The webinar Relevant topics regarding the new legislation on copyright (in Spanish) was rescheduled so that it will be held on 26 August 2020. The event is part of the Permanent Seminar on Intellectual Property 2020-2 (SEPEPI) which is organized by the Legal Research Institute (IIJ) of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). The speaker is Hugo Contreras Lamadrid, Director General of the National Institute of Copyright (INDAUTOR). The webinar will be streamed on Facebook

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is offering the webinar Deep Dive: exploring Madrid Monitor also on 26 August 2020. Some “tips on how to make the most of Madrid Monitor’s features and benefits” will be provided. The speaker is Olivier Pierre. 

On 27 August 2020, the following webinars are scheduled: 
On 28 August 2020, the International Chamber of Commerce of Mexico (ICC Mexico) will hold the webinar Amendments to the Federal Copyright Law. The speakers are Oscar Estrada Chavez (Federal Court, IP Specialised Bench) and Hugo Contreras Lamadrid (INDAUTOR). 

On the same day, the forum Collective marks, certification marks and appellations of origin will take place. The event is organized by the Superintendence of Industry and Commerce of Colombia (SIC Colombia). Register here.

On 30 August 2020, the Foundation for Research on Law and Business (FIDE, acronym in Spanish) is organizing the panel The three main social, legal and economic models of AI: is there room for marriage?. The panel is part of the 24th edition of the European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), organized by CiTIUS (the Research Centre in Information Technology of the Singular Research Centres Network of the University of Santiago de Compostela). The speakers are Margaret Chen, Cornelia Kutterer and Nuria Oliver. The moderator is Professor Laurent Manderieux. The panel director is Professor Manuel Desantes. Register here

The following events already started but will continue this week: 
  • 24 - 26 August. Webinar: Introduction to Intellectual Property (in Spanish), organized by the National Service of Intellectual Rights (SENADI Ecuador) and National Institute of Biodiversity (INABIO). Speakers: Paulina Mosquera, Fernado Nogales, Andrea Mena and Elizabeth Ribadeneira. 
  • 24 - 27 August. XXXIV Annual Conference on Industrial Property (in Spanish), organized by the Argentine Association of Industrial Property Agents (AAAPI). Some speakers: Alejandro Breuer Moreno, Hernán Cabaleiro Rigamonti, Martín Bensadon, Martín Re, Gustavo Giay, Matías Ghidini, and Ricardo M. Gordó Llobell. Some moderators: Graciela Pérez de Inzaurraga, Gastón Richelet, and Juan Berton Moreno.


    PAST EVENTS 
Did you miss some events held the last week? The following are still available on-demand: 
  • 17 - 21 August. Watch here the opening* of the National Patent Drafting Workshop (in Spanish), organized the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property (IMPI). Opening speakers: Juan Lozano (IMPI), Marco Alemán (WIPO) and Ernesto Acevedo Fernández (Ministry of Economy). 
  • 18 August. Webinar: Non-traditional, collective and certification marks* (in Spanish), organized by the Venezuelan Institute of Industrial Property Agents (COVAPI). Speakers: Luis A. Henriquez and Juan L. Astudillo. Moderator: Ricardo Rojas. 
  • 19 August. Webinar: Judging Intellectual Property - Interactions between Justice, Copyright and Industrial Property (in Portuguese), organized by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the Brazilian Association of Industrial Property Agents (ABAPI), the National Justice Council of Brazil (CNJ) and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil. Speakers: Marcia Maria N. de Barros (Federal Regional Court of Rio de Janeiro), José Carlos Costa Netto (Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo) and Richard Pae Kim (CNJ). Moderators: Marcelo Goyanes (ABAPI) and Heitor Figueiredo Sobral Torres (Ministry of Foreign Affairs). 
  • 20 August. Webinar: The new route of our Tequila, our Coffee, our Rum: a commercial perspective (in Spanish), organized by the Inter-American Association of Intellectual Property (ASIPI). Speakers: Ramón González Figueroa (CRT - Tequila Regulatory Council), Paola Romero (FNC - Colombian Coffee Growers Federation), María Mercedes Sánchez (ANFAL - National Association of Alcohol and Spirits Manufacturers, Guatemalan Rum) and María José Sánchez (FNC). Moderator: Jorge Chávarro. 
* It took place before the weekly article was published. The details were available on the page “Events” on the IPTango website. 


If you have a craving for more, review the full list of events here

Image of Becca Clak on Pixabay.​​ 
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Friday, 14 August 2020

Verónica Rodríguez Arguijo

WIPO Conversation on IP and AI


As it was announced here, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) held the Second Session of the WIPO Conversation on IP and AI from 7 to 9 July 2020

The virtual meeting gathered WIPO’s member states and “other stakeholders to discuss the impact of AI on IP”. 

According to WIPO “over 2,000 people from 130 countries …. followed the deliberations [and m]ore than 50 speakers from a diverse range of organizations spoke during the meeting”. 

WIPO also released a searchable feature of the listing of interventions to the meeting, which allows sorting the submissions per organization type (e.g. corporations, individuals, WIPO Member States), country and issue (e.g. patents, copyright, deep fakes, designs, trade secrets, accountability). 

Francis Gurry, WIPO Director General, stated that a further conversation might take place in November, “to deal with issues … such as artificial intelligence in the area of trademarks and branding”. 

Watch here the full recordings of the Second Session of the WIPO Conversation on IP and AI

Find here more information about the First Session, which took place in September 2019. 

Review here the Revised Issues Paper on Intellectual Property Policy and Artificial Intelligence containing the results of the public consultation launched after the first session. 

Image of Gerd Altmann on Pixabay.
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Wednesday, 6 July 2016

Rodrigo Ramirez Herrera @ramahr

El conocimiento tácito

La voz «conocimiento» tiene significados variados según su uso contextual.
En la concepción económica el conocimiento tiene un rol central en las investigaciones relativas a las organizaciones, con un amplio elenco de consecuencias en la teoría de la dirección de empresas y, en términos más generales, en la teoría económica.

Para la reciente Directiva 2016/943 son secretos comerciales los conocimientos técnicos y la información empresarial de gran valor que no se han divulgado y se quieren mantener confidenciales. Esta información debe ser secreta, comercialmente valiosa y sometida a medidas razonables de protección, según exige la norma.

Por su parte el RECATT (Reglamento de exención por categorías de acuerdos de transferencia de tecnología Nº 316/2014) define los conocimientos técnicos como un conjunto de información práctica derivada de pruebas y experiencias, que es secreta, sustancial y determinada.

Dentro del contexto económico, uno de los usos dados a la palabra conocimiento, es el relacionado con la noción de Gestión del Conocimiento (Knowledge Management). Este concepto multidisciplinario reúne estrategias, herramientas y técnicas combinadas que coordinan recursos humanos, tecnología y procesos, y puede ser definido desde perspectivas sistemáticas, de las ciencias del conocimiento o de negocios. En este último sentido, puede decirse que consiste en la creación, captura, organización, acceso y uso de activos intelectuales (o capital intelectual), a través de un enfoque colaborativo e integrado, para la obtención de resultados positivos en los negocios de la empresa. En este contexto se le considera como un «recurso competitivo».

En este último ámbito, todas las contribuciones teóricas de la Gestión del Conocimiento tienen como centro común el análisis de las organizaciones desde una perspectiva basada en los conocimientos que éstas poseen.

Dentro de este escenario se han diferenciado varias clases de conocimiento, siendo relevante aquella clasificación que distingue dos conceptos fundamentales: el conocimiento explícito o codificado y el conocimiento tácito.

Esta división conceptual -formulada por Polanyi y desarrollada por Nonaka & Takeuchi- es relevante desde un punto de vista jurídico. Determina las formas que adopta la información objeto de intercambio comercial, no limitada a la tradicional transferencia de conocimiento codificado (v.gr. el paradigmático acuerdo de cesión o licencia), sino que abarca, además, al conocimiento tácito (en especial el técnico), que adquiere trascendencia en los procesos de conocimiento (v.gr. de externalización organizacional como los contratos KPO o de I+D), por tratarse de un vínculo de cooperación entre empresas/entidades, de mayor nivel de relaciones entre sus recursos humanos, por su propia función y propósito.

Las relaciones entre conocimiento tácito y codificado, objetivo y subjetivo y las skills and knowledge, tienen puntos de contacto con el secreto empresarial y figuras de externalización de procesos de conocimiento como formas servicios intensivos.

Esta concepción bifronte del conocimiento (tácito / codificado) se basa en tres ideas centrales: (i) que un conjunto articulado de reglas o algoritmos no alcanza para explicar el descubrimiento verdadero; (ii) que el conocimiento es público y, dado que es construido por seres humanos, es en gran medida personal y contiene emociones; y (iii) existe un conocimiento que subyace al conocimiento codificado y que es más fundamental que el mismo y es el conocimiento tácito.

Así, codificado es aquel conocimiento racional y objetivo que puede expresarse en palabras y números y ser compartido en forma de datos, fórmulas científicas, especificaciones, manuales y soportes similares. Este conocimiento puede ser correctamente transmitido entre individuos, formal y sistemáticamente. En cambio, el conocimiento tácito es altamente subjetivo y experiencial, difícil de formalizar y compartir con otros (v.gr. creencias, modelos mentales, ideas, intuiciones, redes, perspectivas), por lo que requiere ser articulado para su codificación.

El conocimiento tácito está profundamente enraizado en las acciones y experiencias personales, así como en ideales, valores o emociones del sujeto, existiendo dos dimensiones: una técnica y otra cognitiva. La dimensión técnica del conocimiento tácito abarca el tipo de habilidades y destrezas personales, a menudo referidas a un saber-hacer (know how). La dimensión cognitiva, en cambio, consiste en creencias, ideales, valores, modelos mentales, etc. los cuales están profundamente arraigados en cada sujeto, y que habitualmente se da por hecha.

En materia de contratación de I+D+i la distinción es relevante, pues se incardina con el factor más crítico en esta clase de procesos de conocimiento, cual es la propiedad intelectual relacionada con las operaciones, tanto con relación al background, como al foreground y al sideground. Este deslinde conceptual determina, en último término, las formas que adopta la información objeto de intercambio comercial y sus resguardos. Así, el concepto conocimiento explícito o codificado, corresponde, de forma principal aunque no exclusivamente, a aquellos bienes inmateriales susceptibles de ser transferidos por medio de los mecanismos de propiedad intelectual (en sentido amplio, que incluye la propiedad industrial), sometiéndose a sus estándares generalmente aceptados (v.gr. contenidos en los ADPICs, en el CUP, en las legislaciones nacionales, etc.).

Por su parte, respecto del denominado conocimiento tácito debe efectuarse una nueva distinción. En principio, este tipo de conocimiento tiene correspondencia con las denominadas skills and knowledge de los recursos humanos de las empresas y se le considera como difícil de transferir separado de los sujetos poseedores, pues se dice que viajan juntos. La dimensión teórica se enlaza con el concepto jurídico de la contratación intuitu personae, que establece una vinculación obligacional basada en la identidad o calidad de las personas que contratan o que ejecutan las actividades de las empresas (como entidades jurídicas proveedoras de conocimiento) o en atención a la propia reputación de la entidad contratante, o a sus trabajadores, socios y/o administradores. Se trata, aquí, de contratos no celebrados –exclusivamente- intuitu pecuniae, sino esencialmente en atención a un know how codificado (y, por lo tanto, incorporable en el acervo de una persona no física identificable por signos distintivos en el mercado) o tácito-técnico, propio de las personas físicas que actúan por o para la empresa respectivamente obligada, como puede ser una empresas de ingeniería, laboratorios de desarrollo, desarrollos informáticos, abogacía, auditorías, diseño industrial o, en general, servicios con valor agregado.

El fenómeno de la personalización del contrato inter-empresas y sus consecuencias jurídicas es relevante en tareas de alta complejidad y carga intelectual, pues se puede considerar como una causa esencial para que las partes entren en relación de provisión de funciones por largo tiempo, en atención a personas determinadas, sean funciones directivas o funciones operativas, y determina el nivel de riesgo de la operación (por la incertidumbre en la obtención de los resultados relacionada con los recursos humanos destinados a su ejecución).

Una ponderación favorable a la disminución del factor de riesgo (comercial, técnico, financiero y/o jurídico), vinculada a ciertas cualidades técnicas y/o éticas de los sujetos vinculados a las empresas respectivas o a éstas mismas y a los resultados esperados según esa ponderación, pueden ser una motivación determinante para la contratación, junto con los recursos financieros y tecnológicos de la empresa.

Se visualiza así, claramente, un elemento que permite caracterizar jurídicamente los contratos relacionados con procesos de conocimiento, a partir de un concepto conocido en el derecho continental como «intuitu personae», entendido en un sentido amplio aplicable al contexto actual, jurídicamente más sofisticado que su original concepción dogmática, relacionada directamente con contratación entre personas físicas.

El próximo estadio de análisis del conocimiento está determinado por la evolución de la inteligencia artificial, que está tomando posición en la ejecución de tareas anticipadas por la ciencia ficción, que hoy son una realidad que moverá el paradigma hacia fronteras no humanas del conocimiento tácito.

Post publicado en Lvcentinvs
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